I am willing to bet those spring rockers put that thing in a bind and caused it to snap. I know you'd expect the rear u-joint to fail first, but I ran spring rockers on the first 2 trail rides after I had my bronco together. I did the same thing. I snapped that output shaft while climbing a relatively steep incline and on the throttle lightly. Definitely not the force you'd expect to snap an output. How you break an output is with the throttle to the floor on a rocky hill climb and you hit a bump that launches all four tires in the air and you stay in the thottle until you hit the ground.
I also notice a lot of your pictures that show the truck climbing out of slightly off-camber sitiuation and you have the front, high-side tire in the sky. The body of the truck is shifted towards the low rear tire. This is another dangerous simptom of the spring rockers.
I ditched those rockers after that second run which involved two near flips (truck rolled back over the rear low-side tire on a climb), broke a rear u-joint and repaired, and finally the output shaft failure. I hammered on my truck for another two years after that and never failed another stock output shaft. Additionally, the added stability of the truck off camber was night and day after removal.