The big one on the clean side of the filter is crankcase vent. Part of the PCV system. Not the PCV valve. PCV is a system in which the PCV valve is part of. That large fitting provides fresh filtered air into the engine to make up the air sucked out of the engine by the PCV valve. Typically filtered air into the engine, but under sustained loads it can also let crankcase gasses flow into the fresh air stream where there isn't manifold vacuum for the PCV valve to pull the air through.
The pair of little ones is a thermostat. The hot air riser that pull hot air off the outside of the exhaust manifold. There is a flapper valve that will send hot air to the engine for warm up and cold emissions. When the air in the air cleaner gets hot, that valve shuts off and the diverter valve switches to being a cold air intake. The neat part is even when cold and it is sending warm air, under load the manifold vacuum drops and it will go to cold air even when cold outside. Hot air works great on cold engines as the heat helps vaporize gasoline so there is enough of the fuel vapors to burn.
I think I see one more large fitting, on the dirty side of the air filter. That goes to the charcoal canister. The charcoal canister absorbs gasoline vapors from the fuel tank. Traps them in the charcoal filter. Unless something is done that charcoal will eventually get saturated with gas fumes. So fresh air is drawn across the charcoal and the vapors are given up. That fresh air is sucked into the engine. Fuel vapors in an engine, that fuel (remember the heat I mentioned above about converting gasoline into vapors so the engine will run, this is the same vapors). Instead of the vapors just going into the air where you get no benefit from them, creating pollution. They get caught and sent into the engine and you get to burn them as fuel.
None of this stuff hurts power or economy, some technically improves it. And stuff like the heat riser and the vacuum controlled divertor flap (controlled by those 2 little vacuum lines) helps with drivability of a cold engine and improves engine life as it warms faster and has less cylinder wall wash down from raw gas.
