Drove home from Wild Horses one day in a friend's '74 with one like that too. No damage, and we figured that with the automatic transmission's torque-converter helping to dampen harmonics a little, we were probably ok if we didn't try to enter the Baja or something like that.
Got home fine too, and he drove it around for a few days until he got the new damper.
Prior to it letting go completely, there were not any obvious signs of decay like you would expect. Was not much different from the OP's picture in fact. No rubber bits hanging out of the side, or big chunks missing. Just the usual cracks.
Which is what caught us kind of off-guard. I've seen plenty of engines that had dampers that looked like that (and worse) and they lasted years that way.
You just can't tell. So when in doubt (or whenever doing a full rebuild on an engine anyway...
) just replace it.
Paul