I really doubt it has anything to do with flat towing. Towing is no different from driving in fact probably less forces placed upon the wheels during towing. millions of vehicles have been flat towed if it was a issue then flat towing wouldnt be recommended. No matter how much you insist that they were tight well the fact is they were not tight enough. I also doubt that toe has anything to do with it either if it was off the tires would scrub and it would probably tow poorly as well you'd probably see it whipping behind the tow vehicle.
I know your looking for causes but I kinda think your in denial. basically here's your cause fornt wheel came loose on the trail most likely due to the wheels not being tight enough in the first place.(ok maybe someone was trying to steal your wheel only other real possible cause) no matter wheel was run loose for awhile lug nuts were retightened on possibly damaged wheel/studs and loosened again this time losing the whole assmembly.
I know a lot of people that have lost aluminum wheels or had them loosen even though they will swear up and down they were tight. Tight is one thing but properly torqued is another. each wheel manufacturer has its own specs and they should be followed. I would also caution against torquing to 130 ft lbs most 1/2 bolts are only recommended to be torqued to 120 ft lbs max over torquing can be just as bad or worse than under torqueing.